Antibodies forming a posh with antigen in vivo can dramatically change the antibody response to this antigen. In some conditions, the response shall be a 100-fold stronger than in animals immunized with antigen alone, and in different conditions, the response shall be utterly suppressed. IgG is understood to suppress the antibody response, for instance to erythrocytes, and that is used clinically in Rhesus prophylaxis.
Description: The human tissue kallikrein (KLK) gene family contains 15 members that play important roles in cancer. Notably, kallikrein-1, also known as tissue kallikrein, cleaves kininogen to release the vasoactive kinin peptide, bradykinin or lysyl-bradykinin. Kallikrein-3, called prostate specific antigen (PSA), is an established tumor marker that aids in the diagnosis, staging, and follow up of prostate cancer. Kallikrein-4 is specifically expressed in the prostate and over-expressed in prostate cancer. Kallikrein-5 is widely expressed but found at high levels in skin, breast, brain and testis; over-expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Kallikrein-8 is expressed in the brain and is a novel marker of ovarian and cervical cancer.
Description: The human tissue kallikrein (KLK) gene family contains 15 members that play important roles in cancer. Notably, kallikrein-1, also known as tissue kallikrein, cleaves kininogen to release the vasoactive kinin peptide, bradykinin or lysyl-bradykinin. Kallikrein-3, called prostate specific antigen (PSA), is an established tumor marker that aids in the diagnosis, staging, and follow up of prostate cancer. Kallikrein-4 is specifically expressed in the prostate and over-expressed in prostate cancer. Kallikrein-5 is widely expressed but found at high levels in skin, breast, brain and testis; over-expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Kallikrein-8 is expressed in the brain and is a novel marker of ovarian and cervical cancer.
Description: The human tissue kallikrein (KLK) gene family contains 15 members that play important roles in cancer. Notably, kallikrein-1, also known as tissue kallikrein, cleaves kininogen to release the vasoactive kinin peptide, bradykinin or lysyl-bradykinin. Kallikrein-3, called prostate specific antigen (PSA), is an established tumor marker that aids in the diagnosis, staging, and follow up of prostate cancer. Kallikrein-4 is specifically expressed in the prostate and over-expressed in prostate cancer. Kallikrein-5 is widely expressed but found at high levels in skin, breast, brain and testis; over-expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Kallikrein-8 is expressed in the brain and is a novel marker of ovarian and cervical cancer.
Description: The human tissue kallikrein (KLK) gene family contains 15 members that play important roles in cancer. Notably, kallikrein-1, also known as tissue kallikrein, cleaves kininogen to release the vasoactive kinin peptide, bradykinin or lysyl-bradykinin. Kallikrein-3, called prostate specific antigen (PSA), is an established tumor marker that aids in the diagnosis, staging, and follow up of prostate cancer. Kallikrein-4 is specifically expressed in the prostate and over-expressed in prostate cancer. Kallikrein-5 is widely expressed but found at high levels in skin, breast, brain and testis; over-expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Kallikrein-8 is expressed in the brain and is a novel marker of ovarian and cervical cancer.
Description: The human tissue kallikrein (KLK) gene family contains 15 members that play important roles in cancer. Notably, kallikrein-1, also known as tissue kallikrein, cleaves kininogen to release the vasoactive kinin peptide, bradykinin or lysyl-bradykinin. Kallikrein-3, called prostate specific antigen (PSA), is an established tumor marker that aids in the diagnosis, staging, and follow up of prostate cancer. Kallikrein-4 is specifically expressed in the prostate and over-expressed in prostate cancer. Kallikrein-5 is widely expressed but found at high levels in skin, breast, brain and testis; over-expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Kallikrein-8 is expressed in the brain and is a novel marker of ovarian and cervical cancer.
Description: The human tissue kallikrein (KLK) gene family contains 15 members that play important roles in cancer. Notably, kallikrein-1, also known as tissue kallikrein, cleaves kininogen to release the vasoactive kinin peptide, bradykinin or lysyl-bradykinin. Kallikrein-3, called prostate specific antigen (PSA), is an established tumor marker that aids in the diagnosis, staging, and follow up of prostate cancer. Kallikrein-4 is specifically expressed in the prostate and over-expressed in prostate cancer. Kallikrein-5 is widely expressed but found at high levels in skin, breast, brain and testis; over-expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Kallikrein-8 is expressed in the brain and is a novel marker of ovarian and cervical cancer.
Description: The human tissue kallikrein (KLK) gene family contains 15 members that play important roles in cancer. Notably, kallikrein-1, also known as tissue kallikrein, cleaves kininogen to release the vasoactive kinin peptide, bradykinin or lysyl-bradykinin. Kallikrein-3, called prostate specific antigen (PSA), is an established tumor marker that aids in the diagnosis, staging, and follow up of prostate cancer. Kallikrein-4 is specifically expressed in the prostate and over-expressed in prostate cancer. Kallikrein-5 is widely expressed but found at high levels in skin, breast, brain and testis; over-expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Kallikrein-8 is expressed in the brain and is a novel marker of ovarian and cervical cancer.
Description: Kallikrein-11, also called PRSS20 or TLSP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK11 gene. It is a member of the kallikrein subfamily of serine proteases, which are involved in a variety of enzymatic processes. The gene contains 6 exons, the first of which is noncoding. KLK11 shares 48% amino acid sequence identity with mouse neuropsin, 43% identity with both human trypsin-1 and human kallikrein, and 38% identity with the mouse nerve growth factor gamma subunit. Alternate splicing of the KLK11 gene results in two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms which are differentially expressed. Western blot analysis of recombinant KLK11 suggested that the protein is secreted and posttranslationally processed.
Description: Kallikrein-1, also called KLK1 and KLKR, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK1 gene. KLK1 is a member of the peptidase S1 family. It is a serine protease that generates Lys-bradykinin by specific proteolysis of kininogen-1. The gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19 and its exact cytogenetic location is 19q13.33. Mice lacking the protein are unable to generate significant levels of kinins in most tissues and develop cardiovascular abnormalities early in adulthood despite normal blood pressure. The protein is functionally conserved in its capacity to release the vasoactive peptide, Lys-bradykinin, from low molecular weight kininogen.
Description: Kallikrein-2, also called KLK2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK2 gene, and is particularly associated with prostatic tissue. It is a member of glandular kallikrein gene family that comprises 25 to 30 highly homologous genes that encode specific proteases involved in the processing of biologically active peptides. An alternative KLK2 transcript, call KLK2-linked molecule (KLM), arises from the use of an alternate donor site within intron one. KLM shares only the N-terminal 15-amino acid signal peptide with the original KLK2 protein; the mature proteins display no similarity.
Description: Kallikrein-5, formerly known as Stratum corneum tryptic enzyme (SCTE) or KLKL2, is a serine protease expressed in the epidermis. The gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members which is located on 19q13.41. KLK5 has been suggested to regulate cell shedding in conjunction with KLK7 and KLK14, given its ability to degrade proteins which form the extracellular component of cell junctions in the stratum corneum. The KLK5 gene contains 5 coding exons spanning 9.3. KLK5 expression is upregulated in a breast cancer cell line in the presence of estrogens and progestins and is associated with more aggressive forms of epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
Description: Kallikrein-1, also called KLKR, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK1 gene. It is a member of the peptidase S1 family. KLK1 is a serine protease that generates Lys-bradykinin by specific proteolysis of kininogen-1. The gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19 and its exact cytogenetic location is 19q13.33. The KLK1 gene contains 5 coding exons. And KLK1 is the most centromeric gene in the cluster. Mice lacking tissue kallikrein are unable to generate significant levels of kinins in most tissues and develop cardiovascular abnormalities early in adulthood despite normal blood pressure. The protein is functionally conserved in its capacity to release the vasoactive peptide, Lys-bradykinin, from low molecular weight kininogen.
The mechanism behind IgG-mediated immune suppression remains to be not understood. Right here, we are going to overview research carried out in experimental animal fashions and talk about the varied hypotheses put ahead to elucidate the profound suppressive impact of IgG. We conclude that an unique position for detrimental regulation of B cells by means of FcγRIIB, elevated clearance of erythrocytes from the circulation or complement-mediated lysis is unlikely.
Epitope masking, the place IgG hides the epitope from B cells, or trogocytosis, the place IgG removes the epitope from the erythrocyte, is appropriate with many observations. These two mechanisms usually are not mutually unique. Furthermore, it can’t be dominated out that clearance, together with different mechanisms, performs a job.
Antibody-mediated rejection with and with out donor-specific anti-human leucocyte antigen antibodies: efficiency of the peripheral blood 8-gene expression Assay
Background: Just lately a peripheral blood 8-gene expression assay was developed for non-invasive detection of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) after kidney transplantation. Its worth has not but been evaluated intimately in medical eventualities with totally different baseline illness likelihood [human leucocyte antigen donor-specific antibodies (HLA-DSA)-positive versus HLA-DSA-negative cases at the time of stable graft function versus graft dysfunction].
Strategies: Right here we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of the 8-gene expression assay for histology of ABMR (ABMRh) with or with out HLA-DSA in a cross-sectional cohort examine of 387 blood samples with a concomitant graft biopsy.
Description: Cystatin C or cystatin 3, a protein encoded by the CST3 gene, is mainly used as a biomarker of kidney function. Recently, it has been studied for its role in predicting new-onset or deteriorating cardiovascular disease. It also seems to play a role in brain disorders involving amyloid, such as Alzheimer's disease. In humans, all cells with a nucleus (cell core containing the DNA) produce cystatin C as a chain of 120 amino acids. It is found in virtually all tissues and body fluids. It is a potent inhibitor of lysosomal proteinases (enzymes from a special subunit of the cell that break down proteins) and probably one of the most important extracellular inhibitors of cysteine proteases (it prevents the breakdown of proteins outside the cell by a specific type of protein degrading enzymes). Cystatin C belongs to the type 2 cystatin gene family.
Description: Cystatin B, also known as Stefin B or liver thiol proteinase inhibitor, is a member of family 1 of the cystatin superfamily. It is a 98 amino acid, intracellular inhibitor regulating the activities of cysteine proteases of the papain family such as Cathepsins B, H and L.
Description: Cystatin C is a member of family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. It inhibits many cysteine proteases such as papain and Cathepsins B, H, K, L and S. It is ubiquitous in human tissues and body fluids. A point mutation in the gene coding for the 120 amino acid mature Cystatin C causes a hereditary form of amyloid angiopathy in which the protein variant (Leu 68 to Gln) is deposited in the cerebral arteries, leading to fatal cerebral hemorrhage.
Description: Cystatin SA is a member of family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. Together with cystatins S and SN, it is produced by the salivary gland and secreted largely in the submandibular/sublingual saliva. Cystatin SA inhibits Cathepsin L, but may not inhibit Cathepsins B and H.
Description: Cystatin C is a member of family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. It inhibits many cysteine proteases such as papain and Cathepsins B, H, K, L and S. It is ubiquitous in human tissues and body fluids. A point mutation in the gene coding for the 120 amino acid mature Cystatin C causes a hereditary form of amyloid angiopathy in which the protein variant (Leu 68 to Gln) is deposited in the cerebral arteries, leading to fatal cerebral hemorrhage.
Description: Cystatin A, also known as Stefin A, Cystatin AS or Keratolinin, is a member of family 1 of the cystatin superfamily. It is a 98 amino acid, intracellular inhibitor regulating the activities of cysteine proteases of the papain family such as Cathepsins B, H and L.
Description: Cystatin B, also known as Stefin B or liver thiol proteinase inhibitor, is a member of family 1 of the cystatin superfamily. It is a 98 amino acid, intracellular inhibitor regulating the activities of cysteine proteases of the papain family such as Cathepsins B, H and L.
Description: Cystatin C is a member of family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. It inhibits many cysteine proteases such as papain and Cathepsins B, H, K, L and S. It is ubiquitous in human tissues and body fluids. A point mutation in the gene coding for the 120 amino acid mature Cystatin C causes a hereditary form of amyloid angiopathy in which the protein variant (Leu 68 to Gln) is deposited in the cerebral arteries, leading to fatal cerebral hemorrhage.
Description: Cystatin D is a member of family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. In contrast to other members of family 2, Cystatin D has restricted tissue distribution and has been found only in saliva and tears. Two allelic variants (Arg-46 and Cys-46) are known in the human protein and they are not significantly different in their inhibitory activity against papain and Cathepsins B, H, L and S.
Description: Cystatin S is a member of family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. It is produced by the salivary gland and secreted largely in the submandibular/sublingual saliva. Cystatin S is not a potent inhibitor of cysteine proteases such as papain and some Cathepsins. Cystatin S is partially phosphorylated at Ser21 and Ser23 in saliva.
Description: Cystatin SA is a member of family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. Together with cystatins S and SN, it is produced by the salivary gland and secreted largely in the submandibular/sublingual saliva. Cystatin SA inhibits Cathepsin L, but may not inhibit Cathepsins B and H.
Description: Cystatin SN is a member of family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. Together with Cystatins S and SA, it is produced by the salivary gland and secreted largely in the submandibular/sublingual saliva. Cystatin SN inhibits members of the papain family including Cathepsins B, C, H and L.
Description: Cystatin E/M is a member of family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. It inhibits papain and Cathepsin B. In addition to being a cysteine protease inhibitor, Cystatin E/M is also a substrate for transglutaminases. It is required for viability and for correct formation of cornified layers in the epidermis and hair follicles.
Description: A new member of the human cystatin superfamily, called cystatin E, has been found by expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing in amniotic cell and fetal skin epithelial cell cDNA libraries. The sequence of a full-length amniotic cell cDNA clone contained an open reading frame encoding a putative 28-residue signal peptide and a mature protein of 121 amino acids, including four cysteine residues and motifs of importance for the inhibitory activity of Family 2 cystatins like cystatin C.
Description: Affinity purified Goat polyclonal Cystatin C antibody
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Outcomes: In sufferers with HLA-DSA (n = 64), the 8-gene expression assay discriminated DSA-positive ABMRh (DSAposABMRh) instances (n = 16) with good diagnostic efficiency . Additionally, in HLA-DSA-negative samples (n = 323), a clinically related diagnostic efficiency for DSAnegABMRh instances was discovered (n = 30) with an AUROC of 75.8% (95% CI 67.4-84.4). The 8-gene assay didn’t discriminate DSAposABMRh instances from DSAnegABMRh instances. There was a internet profit for medical decision-making when including the 8-gene expression assay to a medical mannequin consisting of estimated glomerular filtration price, proteinuria, HLA-DSA and age.
Conclusion: The 8-gene expression assay exhibits nice potential for implementation within the medical follow-up of high-risk HLA-DSA-positive sufferers and medical relevance in HLA-DSA-negative instances.