Antibodies forming a posh with antigen in vivo can dramatically change the antibody response to this antigen. In some conditions, the response shall be a 100-fold stronger than in animals immunized with antigen alone, and in different conditions, the response shall be utterly suppressed. IgG is understood to suppress the antibody response, for instance to erythrocytes, and that is used clinically in Rhesus prophylaxis.
Description: Kallikrein-11, also called PRSS20 or TLSP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK11 gene. It is a member of the kallikrein subfamily of serine proteases, which are involved in a variety of enzymatic processes. The gene contains 6 exons, the first of which is noncoding. KLK11 shares 48% amino acid sequence identity with mouse neuropsin, 43% identity with both human trypsin-1 and human kallikrein, and 38% identity with the mouse nerve growth factor gamma subunit. Alternate splicing of the KLK11 gene results in two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms which are differentially expressed. Western blot analysis of recombinant KLK11 suggested that the protein is secreted and posttranslationally processed.
Description: Kallikrein-1, also called KLK1 and KLKR, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK1 gene. KLK1 is a member of the peptidase S1 family. It is a serine protease that generates Lys-bradykinin by specific proteolysis of kininogen-1. The gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19 and its exact cytogenetic location is 19q13.33. Mice lacking the protein are unable to generate significant levels of kinins in most tissues and develop cardiovascular abnormalities early in adulthood despite normal blood pressure. The protein is functionally conserved in its capacity to release the vasoactive peptide, Lys-bradykinin, from low molecular weight kininogen.
Description: Kallikrein-2, also called KLK2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK2 gene, and is particularly associated with prostatic tissue. It is a member of glandular kallikrein gene family that comprises 25 to 30 highly homologous genes that encode specific proteases involved in the processing of biologically active peptides. An alternative KLK2 transcript, call KLK2-linked molecule (KLM), arises from the use of an alternate donor site within intron one. KLM shares only the N-terminal 15-amino acid signal peptide with the original KLK2 protein; the mature proteins display no similarity.
Description: Kallikrein-5, formerly known as Stratum corneum tryptic enzyme (SCTE) or KLKL2, is a serine protease expressed in the epidermis. The gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members which is located on 19q13.41. KLK5 has been suggested to regulate cell shedding in conjunction with KLK7 and KLK14, given its ability to degrade proteins which form the extracellular component of cell junctions in the stratum corneum. The KLK5 gene contains 5 coding exons spanning 9.3. KLK5 expression is upregulated in a breast cancer cell line in the presence of estrogens and progestins and is associated with more aggressive forms of epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
Description: Kallikrein-1, also called KLKR, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK1 gene. It is a member of the peptidase S1 family. KLK1 is a serine protease that generates Lys-bradykinin by specific proteolysis of kininogen-1. The gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19 and its exact cytogenetic location is 19q13.33. The KLK1 gene contains 5 coding exons. And KLK1 is the most centromeric gene in the cluster. Mice lacking tissue kallikrein are unable to generate significant levels of kinins in most tissues and develop cardiovascular abnormalities early in adulthood despite normal blood pressure. The protein is functionally conserved in its capacity to release the vasoactive peptide, Lys-bradykinin, from low molecular weight kininogen.
Description: KLK1(KALLIKREIN 1), also called KLKR, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK1 gene. KLK1 is a member of the peptidase S1 family. KLK1 is a serine protease that generates Lys-bradykinin by specific proteolysis of kininogen-1. The KLK1 gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19 and its exact cytogenetic location is 19q13.33. The KLK1 gene contains 5 coding exons. And KLK1 is the most centromeric gene in the cluster. Mice lacking tissue kallikrein are unable to generate significant levels of kinins in most tissues and develop cardiovascular abnormalities early in adulthood despite normal blood pressure. The protein is functionally conserved in its capacity to release the vasoactive peptide, Lys-bradykinin, from low molecular weight kininogen.
Description: Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK6 gene. This gene is one of the fifteen subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. The encoded enzyme is regulated by steroid hormones. Northern blot analysis revealed that the PRSS9 mRNA was expressed in several primary tumors and cell lines from mammary, prostate, and ovarian cancers, but was not detected in any metastases of these cancers. The KLK6 gene is mapped on 19q13.41. In tissue culture, the enzyme has been found to generate amyloidogenic fragments from the amyloid precursor protein, suggesting a potential for involvement in Alzheimers disease. Upon cellular stress, neurosin was released from mitochondria to the cytosol, which resulted in the increase of degraded alpha-synuclein species. Neurosin may play a significant role in physiologic alpha-synuclein degradation and also in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies.
Description: Kallikrein-related peptidase 9, also known as KLK9 or KLK-L3, belongs to the kallikrein subgroup of serine proteases, which have diverse physiologic functions in many tissues. The KLK9 gene contains 5 coding exons and is mapped to 19q13.41. The gene is regulated by steroid hormones in a human breast cancer cell line. Yousef et al.(2001) performed a quantitative analysis of KLK9 expression in ovarian cancer. The results indicated that KLK9 is under steroid hormone regulation in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines. KLK9 is a potential independent favorable prognostic marker for early-stage, low-grade, optimally debulked ovarian cancer patients.
Description: Kallikrein-related peptidase 10, also known as KLK10, PRSSL1 or NES1, belongs to the kallikrein subfamily of serine proteases, which are involved in a variety of enzymatic processes. Its encoded protein is secreted and may play a role in suppression of tumorigenesis in breast and prostate cancers. KLK10 contains 12 conserved cysteines in its protease domain that are expected to form 6 disulfide bonds, as in other serine proteases. RT-PCR detected variable levels of KLK10 expression in nearly all of the 35 adult and fetal tissues examined. The gene contains 6 exons, the first of which is noncoding. By fluorescence in situ hybridization, Polikoff et al.(1997) mapped the gene to 19q13.3. By genomic sequence analysis,Gan et al.(2000) mapped the gene within the KLK gene cluster on chromosome 19q13. This cluster includes 13 KLK genes and 5 pseudogenes.
Description: Kallikrein 1, also called KLKR, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK1 gene. It is a member of the peptidase S1 family, a serine protease that generates Lys-bradykinin by specific proteolysis of kininogen-1. The gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19 and its exact cytogenetic location is 19q13.33. The gene contains 5 coding exons. KLK1 is the most centromeric gene in the cluster. Mice lacking tissue kallikrein are unable to generate significant levels of kinins in most tissues and develop cardiovascular abnormalities early in adulthood despite normal blood pressure. The protein is functionally conserved in its capacity to release the vasoactive peptide, Lys-bradykinin, from low molecular weight kininogen.
Description: Kallikrein 4, also known as PSTS or EMSP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the KLK4 gene. This gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. KLKs are a subgroup of serine proteases having diverse physiological functions. Growing evidence suggests that many are implicated in carcinogenesis and some have potential as novel cancer and other disease biomarkers. In particular, they may serve as biomarkers for both prostate cancer and breast cancer. It has been found that Kallikrein 4 is a proliferative factor with effects on gene expression and it may have a role in prostate cancer development and progression.
Description: KLK1 (KALLIKREIN 1), also called KLKR, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK1 gene. KLK1 is a member of the peptidase S1 family. KLK1 is a serine protease that generates Lys-bradykinin by specific proteolysis of kininogen-1. The KLK1 gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19 and its exact cytogenetic location is 19q13.33. The KLK1 gene contains 5 coding exons. And KLK1 is the most centromeric gene in the cluster. Mice lacking tissue kallikrein are unable to generate significant levels of kinins in most tissues and develop cardiovascular abnormalities early in adulthood despite normal blood pressure. The protein is functionally conserved in its capacity to release the vasoactive peptide, Lys-bradykinin, from low molecular weight kininogen.
Description: KLK2 (KALLIKREIN 2), also called GLANDULAR or PROSTATIC, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK2 gene, and is particularly associated with prostatic tissue. The KLK2 is a member of glandular kallikrein gene family that comprises 25 to 30 highly homologous genes that encode specific proteases involved in the processing of biologically active peptides. The KLK2 gene is mapped to 19q13.33.And the KLK2 gene contains 5 exons. An alternative KLK2 transcript, which they call KLK2-linked molecule (KLM), that arises from the use of an alternate donor site within intron 1.KLM shares only the N-terminal 15-amino acid signal peptide with the original KLK2 protein; the mature proteins display no similarity.
The mechanism behind IgG-mediated immune suppression remains to be not understood. Right here, we are going to overview research carried out in experimental animal fashions and talk about the varied hypotheses put ahead to elucidate the profound suppressive impact of IgG. We conclude that an unique position for detrimental regulation of B cells by means of FcγRIIB, elevated clearance of erythrocytes from the circulation or complement-mediated lysis is unlikely.
Epitope masking, the place IgG hides the epitope from B cells, or trogocytosis, the place IgG removes the epitope from the erythrocyte, is appropriate with many observations. These two mechanisms usually are not mutually unique. Furthermore, it can’t be dominated out that clearance, together with different mechanisms, performs a job.
Antibody-mediated rejection with and with out donor-specific anti-human leucocyte antigen antibodies: efficiency of the peripheral blood 8-gene expression Assay
Background: Just lately a peripheral blood 8-gene expression assay was developed for non-invasive detection of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) after kidney transplantation. Its worth has not but been evaluated intimately in medical eventualities with totally different baseline illness likelihood [human leucocyte antigen donor-specific antibodies (HLA-DSA)-positive versus HLA-DSA-negative cases at the time of stable graft function versus graft dysfunction].
Strategies: Right here we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of the 8-gene expression assay for histology of ABMR (ABMRh) with or with out HLA-DSA in a cross-sectional cohort examine of 387 blood samples with a concomitant graft biopsy.
Description: Cystatin C or cystatin 3, a protein encoded by the CST3 gene, is mainly used as a biomarker of kidney function. Recently, it has been studied for its role in predicting new-onset or deteriorating cardiovascular disease. It also seems to play a role in brain disorders involving amyloid, such as Alzheimer's disease. In humans, all cells with a nucleus (cell core containing the DNA) produce cystatin C as a chain of 120 amino acids. It is found in virtually all tissues and body fluids. It is a potent inhibitor of lysosomal proteinases (enzymes from a special subunit of the cell that break down proteins) and probably one of the most important extracellular inhibitors of cysteine proteases (it prevents the breakdown of proteins outside the cell by a specific type of protein degrading enzymes). Cystatin C belongs to the type 2 cystatin gene family.
Description: Cystatin A, also called Stefin A, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSTA gene. Cystatin A is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor that belongs to family 1 of the cystatin superfamily. This gene was assigned to human chromosome 3q21.1. This is an intracellular thiol proteinase inhibitor. The protein plays an important role in desmosome-mediated cell-cell adhesion in the lower levels of the epidermis and has been proposed as prognostic and diagnostic tools for cancer.
Outcomes: In sufferers with HLA-DSA (n = 64), the 8-gene expression assay discriminated DSA-positive ABMRh (DSAposABMRh) instances (n = 16) with good diagnostic efficiency . Additionally, in HLA-DSA-negative samples (n = 323), a clinically related diagnostic efficiency for DSAnegABMRh instances was discovered (n = 30) with an AUROC of 75.8% (95% CI 67.4-84.4). The 8-gene assay didn’t discriminate DSAposABMRh instances from DSAnegABMRh instances. There was a internet profit for medical decision-making when including the 8-gene expression assay to a medical mannequin consisting of estimated glomerular filtration price, proteinuria, HLA-DSA and age.
Conclusion: The 8-gene expression assay exhibits nice potential for implementation within the medical follow-up of high-risk HLA-DSA-positive sufferers and medical relevance in HLA-DSA-negative instances.
